Journal: Cell & Bioscience

Article Title: Biologically active, high levels of interleukin-22 inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis but do not affect obesity and its metabolic consequences

doi: 10.1186/s13578-015-0015-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chronic administration of rmIL-22 protein does not affect body weight and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Mice were fed a HFD for 5 months and then injected with rmIL-22 (20 ng/g body weight, i.p. injection, twice a week) or saline for an additional four weeks. a Body weights were measured. b Fasting blood glucose levels. Values represent the mean ± SEM (n = 8)

Article Snippet: To further clarify this discrepancy, we treated HFD-fed mice with rmIL-22 (R&D system) (20 ng/g body weight, twice a week) for 4 weeks.

Techniques: Injection, Saline

Journal: Cell & Bioscience

Article Title: Biologically active, high levels of interleukin-22 inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis but do not affect obesity and its metabolic consequences

doi: 10.1186/s13578-015-0015-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Injection of a single dose of recombinant mouse IL-22 (rmIL-22) protein reduces blood glucose levels in HFD- and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice. a Mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks and then injected with saline or rmIL-22 for 2 h. Blood glucose levels were detected 120 min post IL-22 injection. b , c C57BL/6 mice were injected with STZ for 5 consecutive days. Twenty eight days later, mice were injected with saline or rmIL-22, and sacrificed 2 h later. Pancreas weights and insulin levels were measured (panel b ). Glucose levels were measured at various time points post rmIL-22 injection (panel c ). Values represent the mean ± SEM (n = 10). * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 compared with the corresponding saline treated groups. d C57BL/6 mice were treated with rmIL-22 for 2 h, pancreas tissues were collected for immunostaining with anti-pSTAT3 antibody. Representative positive pSTAT3 nuclei in acinar cells are indicated by yellow arrows but not in islets (indicated by dotted lines)

Article Snippet: To further clarify this discrepancy, we treated HFD-fed mice with rmIL-22 (R&D system) (20 ng/g body weight, twice a week) for 4 weeks.

Techniques: Injection, Recombinant, Saline, Immunostaining

Journal: Cell & Bioscience

Article Title: Biologically active, high levels of interleukin-22 inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis but do not affect obesity and its metabolic consequences

doi: 10.1186/s13578-015-0015-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-22 inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis without affecting glucose uptake in vivo . a - c Mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks and then injected with ad-vector or ad-IL-22 for 5 days. A glucose tracer assay in vivo was performed. Glucose turnover rates and plasma glucose levels are shown (panel a ). A pyruvate tolerance test (PTT) was performed (panel b ). Real-time PCR analyses of gluconeogenic genes (panel c ). d - e C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks and then fasted for 4 h, followed by treatment with saline or rmIL-22 (1 μg/g) for 2 h. Real-time PCR analyses of gluconeogenic genes (panel d ). Two-deoxyglucose uptake experiments in vivo were performed (panel e ). Values represent the mean ± SEM (n=6-10). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 compared with the corresponding ad-IL-22-treated or rmIL-22-treated groups

Article Snippet: To further clarify this discrepancy, we treated HFD-fed mice with rmIL-22 (R&D system) (20 ng/g body weight, twice a week) for 4 weeks.

Techniques: In Vivo, Injection, Plasmid Preparation, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Saline

Journal: Cell & Bioscience

Article Title: Biologically active, high levels of interleukin-22 inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis but do not affect obesity and its metabolic consequences

doi: 10.1186/s13578-015-0015-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Treatment with rmIL-22 protein inhibits gluconeogenesis in primary mouse hepatocytes via STAT3- and AMPK-dependent mechanisms. a Western blot analyses of IL-22-treated primary mouse hepatocytes. b Western blot analyses of IL-22- or insulin-treated hepatocytes. c Primary wild-type mouse hepatocytes with pre-treated PI3K or AMPK inhibitors, followed by IL-22 treatment. Primary STAT3KO mouse hepatocytes were also treated with IL-22. d The same experiments as those in panel C except all cells were pre-treated with Bt2-cAMP. In panels c and d , glucose production and gene expression were analyzed and normalized to 100 % in hepatocytes without IL-22 treatment in each group. Values represent the mean ± SEM (n = 4). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 compared with the corresponding hepatocytes without rmIL-22 treatment. # P < 0.05 and ## P < 0.01 compared with the corresponding hepatocytes from vehicle + WT mice with rmIL-22 treatment

Article Snippet: To further clarify this discrepancy, we treated HFD-fed mice with rmIL-22 (R&D system) (20 ng/g body weight, twice a week) for 4 weeks.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing